Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands by L. Stephen Lau

Author:L. Stephen Lau
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
Published: 2016-06-15T00:00:00+00:00

Table 6.4. Applicable Drinking Water Standards, Possible Health Effects, and Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination

Common Name Applicable Drinking Water Standardsa (in μg/l) Possible Noncarcinogenic Effects (Based on Ingestion Effects on Animals)b EPA Carcinogen Ratingc Potential Contamination Sources

Alachlor 2 MCL Damaged red blood cells, causing kidney and spleen damage Probable Herbicide

Ametryn 60 LHA Liver damage Unclassified Herbicide

Atrazine,

Desethyl Atrazine,

Despropyl Atrazine,

Diamino Atrazine 3 MCL Heart and liver damage; fetal/child development retarded Possible Herbicide

Carbon Tetrachloride 5 MCL Liver, kidney, and lung damage Probable Solvent, dry-cleaning agent

Chlordane 2 MCL Central nervous system, liver, and kidney damage Unclassified Pesticide (termiticide)

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 0.04 SMCL Male reproductive system, liver, and kidney damage Probable Pesticide (soil fumigant)

1,1-Dichloroethylene (DCE) 7 MCL Central nervous system depression; a heart effect; liver and kidney damage Possible Solvent

1,2-Dichloropropane (DCP) 5 MCL Gastrointestinal irritation, liver and kidney damage Probable Pesticide, solvent

Dieldrin 0.002 10-6 Central nervous system, liver, and kidney damage Probable Pesticide

Diuron 10 LHA Central nervous system depression; damaged red blood cells, causing spleen damage; altered fetal development Unclassified Herbicide

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 0.04 SMCL Male reproductive system, liver, gastrointestinal, and adrenal gland damage Probable Gasoline additive, soil fumigant, solvent

Hexazinone 200 LHA Reduced body weight or possibly reduced growth Unclassified Herbicide

Lindane 0.2 MCL Nerve damage and central nervous system seizures; liver and kidney damage; suppression of the immune system Probable Insecticide

Simazine 4 pMCL Liver, kidney, and brain damage Possible Herbicide

Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) 5 MCL Central nervous system depression; liver and kidney damage Probable Solvent, dry-cleaning agent

Trichloroethylene (TCE) 5 MCL Central nervous system depression; a heart effect; liver and kidney damage Probable Solvent

1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) 0.8 MCL Decreased red blood cells; liver and kidney damage Unclassified Solvent, trace contaminant in certain pesticides

source: Hawai‘i Department of Health 1996.

aMCL, a maximum contaminant level or the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system (MCLs are the only federally enforceable drinking water standards); pMCL, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed an MCL for that contaminant; LHA (Lifetime Health Advisory), a nonregulatory concentration of a drinking-water contaminant at which adverse health effects would not be anticipated to occur over a lifetime exposure of 70 years duration (the advisories are based on data describing noncarcinogenic risk from such exposure); SMCL, the State’s maximum contamination level (which may be more stringent than the MCL) of a contaminant in water (applies to community and nontransient noncommunity water systems, as defined in Hawai‘i Administrative Rules, Title 11, Department of Health, Chapter 20—Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems); 10-6, those chemicals that EPA considers to be potential human carcinogens (EPA estimates a “cancer risk level” as the level at which an individual who consumes water over his or her lifetime [70 years] would have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing the contaminant).

bBased on Health Advisories from the EPA’s Office of Drinking Water.

cBased on estimates from the EPA’s Health Hazard Assessment Group.

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